Amino acids and reef aquarium: Glutamic acid
- Glutamic acid was very successful feeding activator for stony coral Montastrea cavernosa, causing full envelopment on every trial (Lehman and Porter 1973)
- One of the predominant amino acids in costal surface water and has high heterotrophic turnover rate (Williams et al 1976)
- Main contributor to the bacterial intracellular amino acid pool, may compete with nitrate uptake (Stanley and Brown 1976)
- Labeled Glutamic acid shows bacterial and not phytoplankton uptake (Hollibaugh 1976)
- Glutamate is an excellent growth media for diatoms (heterotrophic growth) (Lewin and Hellebust 1978)
- Very high uptake by heterotrophic bacteria (75% uptake after 4h) (Iturriaga and Zsolnay 1981, Donderski et al 1998)
- Glutamate is an important part of ammonia assimilation (for example Anderson and Burris 1987 , Catmull et al. 1987, Dudler and Miller 1988, McAuley and Cook 1994, Roberts et al 1999, Teugels et al 2008)
- Glutamic acid concentration in surface (10 cm) water of temperate bay was 3-11 nM (0.00044 – 0.0016 mg/l). Major component of DFAA (Carlucci et al 1991)
- Glutamic acid is thought to be a precursor in synthesis of proline and is present in relatively large amounts in prawn muscle tissue (Smith and Dall 1991)
- Significant amounts of glutamate was present after carbon fixation by isolated zooxanthellae (Streamer et al 1993)
- Glutamic acid is easily released from sediments by enzymic activity and might thus be a nutrient source for deposit feeders (Mayer et al 1995)
- Glutamic acid is the direct precursor of several other amino acids via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, from where, like glucose, its carbon atoms have a high probability of being incorporated into newly synthesized amino acids (Fitzgerald and Szmant 1997)
- Ammonium is assimilated by zooxanthellae into glutamate in Aiptasia pulchella (Swanson and Hoeegh-Guldberg 1998)
- Part of larval attachment inductor for sedentary polychaetes (Harder and Qian 1999)
- Glutamic acid significantly increased bacterial abundance, modified the bacterial community structures on the biofilms, and elevated the inductive effect of the biofilms (Jin and Qian 2005)
References:
Anderson and Burris. Role of glutamine synthetase in ammonia assimilation by symbiotic marine dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae). Mar Biol (1987)
Carlucci et al. Microbial populations in surface films and subsurface waters: Amino acid metabolism and growth. Mar Biol (1991)
Catmull et al. NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Acropora formosa: purification and properties. Mar Biol (1987)
Donderski et al. Utilization of Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds by Marine Neustonic and Planktonic Bacteria. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies (1998)
Dudler and Miller. Characterization of two glutamate dehydrogenases from the symbiotic microalga Symbiodinium microadriaticum isolated from the coral Acropora formosa. Mar Biol (1988)
Fitzgerald and Szmant. Biosynthesis of ‘essential’ amino acids by scleractinian corals. Biochem J (1997) vol. 322 ( Pt 1) pp. 213-21
Hollibaugh. The Biological Degradation of Arginine and Glutamic Acid in Seawater in Relation to the Growth of Phytoplankton. Marine Biology (1976)
Iturriaga and Zsolnay. Transformation of some dissolved organic compounds by a natural heterotrophic population. Mar Biol (1981)
Jin and Qian. Amino acid exposure modulates the bioactivity of biofilms for larval settlement of Hydroides elegans by altering bacterial community components. Mar Ecol Prog Ser (2005)
Jin and Qian. Amino acid exposure modulates the bioactivity of biofilms for larval settlement of Hydroides elegans by altering bacterial community components. Marine Ecology Progress Series (2005)
Lehman and Porter. Chemical Activation Of Feeding In The Caribbean Reef-Building Coral Montastrea Cavernosa. The Biological Bulletin (1973)
Lewin and Hellebust. Utilization of Glutamate and Glucose for Heterotrophic Growth by the Marine Pennate Diatom Nitzschia laevis. Mar Biol (1978)
Mayer et al. Bioavailable Amino Acids in Sediments: A Biomimetic, Kinetics-Based Approach. Limnol. Oceanogr. (1995)
McAuley and Cook. Effects of host feeding and dissolved ammonium on cell division and nitrogen status of zooxanthellae in the hydroid Myrionema amboinense. Mar Biol (1994)
Roberts et al. Primary site and initial products of ammonium assimilation in the symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Mar Biol (1999)
Smith and Dall. Metabolism of proline by the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus. Mar Biol (1991)
Stanley and Brown. Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism in Marine Bacteria: The Intracellular Free Amino Acid Pools of a Marine Pseudomonad. Marine Biology (1976)
Streamer et al. Photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in zooxanthellae. Mar Biol (1993)
Swanson and Hoeegh-Guldberg. Amino acid synthesis in the symbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella. Mar Biol (1998)
Teugels et al. Kleptoplasts mediate nitrogen acquisition in the sea slug Elysia viridis. Aquat Biol (2008) vol. 4 (1) pp. 15-21
Williams et al. Amino acid uptake and respiration by marine heterotrophs. Marine Biology (1976)